隨sui著zhe科ke技ji的de飛fei速su發fa展zhan，各ge種zhong電dian子zi設she備bei在zai各ge行xing各ge業ye和he人ren們men的de日ri常chang生sheng活huo當dang中zhong得de到dao了le廣guang泛fan的de應ying用yong，而er在zai其qi使shi用yong過guo程cheng中zhong受shou到dao各ge種zhong因yin素su的de影ying響xiang，難nan免mian會hui發fa生sheng故gu障zhang
，影ying響xiang正zheng常chang的de生sheng產chan、生活
、科研、學xue習xi等deng。因yin此ci，加jia強qiang電dian子zi電dian路lu常chang見jian故gu障zhang排pai除chu方fang法fa的de研yan究jiu具ju有you十shi分fen重zhong要yao的de現xian實shi意yi義yi。作zuo為wei電dian子zi電dian路lu技ji術shu人ren員yuan
，應ying熟shu知zhi電dian子zi電dian路lu常chang見jian故gu障zhang
，並bing準zhun確que判pan斷duan故gu障zhang發fa生sheng原yuan因yin和he發fa生sheng位wei置zhi，積ji極ji尋xun找zhao排pai除chu電dian子zi電dian路lu故gu障zhang的de策ce略lve和he方fang法fa，從cong而er及ji時shi排pai除chu故gu障zhang，使shi電dian子zi電dian路lu恢hui複fu正zheng常chang的de工gong作zuo狀zhuang態tai。

 

 

要想準確地判定電子電路故障發生位置，進而采取有效措施進行排除
，首先應對故障產生的原因有基本的認識，隻有這樣才能避免“盲人騎瞎馬”,做到有的放矢、“對症治療”,提高電子電路故障排除的工作效率。

 

電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)受(shou)到(dao)自(zi)身(shen)或(huo)外(wai)界(jie)因(yin)素(su)的(de)幹(gan)擾(rao)，容(rong)易(yi)引(yin)起(qi)各(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)，這(zhe)些(xie)故(gu)障(zhang)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)紛(fen)繁(fan)複(fu)雜(za)
，可(ke)謂(wei)五(wu)花(hua)八(ba)門(men)，但(dan)是(shi)概(gai)括(kuo)起(qi)來(lai)不(bu)外(wai)乎(hu)內(nei)因(yin)和(he)外(wai)因(yin)兩(liang)種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)
，下(xia)麵(mian)逐(zhu)一(yi)對(dui)其(qi)進(jin)行(xing)介(jie)紹(shao)。

 

 

電dian子zi電dian路lu故gu障zhang產chan生sheng的de內nei因yin較jiao多duo。首shou先xian，電dian子zi電dian路lu長chang期qi運yun行xing導dao致zhi某mou些xie元yuan件jian或huo線xian路lu性xing能neng老lao化hua極ji易yi發fa生sheng故gu障zhang，其qi中zhong較jiao為wei常chang見jian的de故gu障zhang有you電dian阻zu值zhi發fa生sheng改gai變bian

、晶體管擊穿
、電容漏電等
；其次，電子電路工作過程中一些位置出現斷線、鬆動、接觸不良等情況，進而引發係統故障發生；最後，維修人員在維修過程中
，安裝了不符合規格的電子元件或接錯線路等也容易引發故障。

 

 

youwaiyinyinfadedianzidianluguzhangshifenchangjian
，qizhongfeizhuanyerenshiweianzhaoguifanbiaozhuncaozuo，daozhidianzidianluchuxianguzhangdejilvjiaogao。lingwai
，meiyouyangededianzidianluweihuzhidudeyueshu
，yixiedianziyuanjianyinchangqichuzaifeichangwenhuanjinghuochaoshi、粉塵較多的環境中而生鏽
、腐蝕。一些電子電路防雷措施不夠完善，結果遇到雷雨天氣很容易因雷擊而出現故障。

 

 

通(tong)過(guo)上(shang)述(shu)介(jie)紹(shao)
，我(wo)們(men)對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)產(chan)生(sheng)原(yuan)因(yin)有(you)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)初(chu)步(bu)的(de)了(le)解(jie)，同(tong)時(shi)我(wo)們(men)還(hai)必(bi)須(xu)對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)常(chang)見(jian)故(gu)障(zhang)類(lei)型(xing)進(jin)行(xing)探(tan)討(tao)，這(zhe)樣(yang)才(cai)能(neng)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)為(wei)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)排(pai)除(chu)提(ti)供(gong)參(can)考(kao)。

 

由電子電路內因引發的故障類型有：晶體管
、電容、電阻等電子元件性能發生改變引發的故障
；電子電路中有關線路接觸不良引發的故障等。由外因引起的電子電路故障類型有：

 

技術人員使用電子電路時未按照說明要求進行操作；維修技術人員維修程序不規範不科學等。

 

xuyaozhuyideshi，dianzidianlubutongyuqitashebei
，tarongyishoudaowaijieganraoeryinfaduozhongguzhang。suoweideganraozhiwaijieyinsuduidianzidianluzhongdeyouyongxinhaochanshengraodong，shidianzidianludianliudewendingxingdadajiangdi，mouxieyuanjianzaihugaohudidianliuyingxiangxiajiyifashengsunhuai。yinci，jiaqiangdianzidianluganraoyuandeyanjiu，tongguocaiquxiangguancuoshinenggoushiqiyuanliganrao
，jinershidianziyuanjianbaochizuijiadegongzuoxingneng。gaikuoeryanganraoyuanzhuyaofenweiyixiajizhongleixing：

 

 

單dan電dian源yuan供gong電dian電dian路lu中zhong，通tong常chang將jiang相xiang反fan的de電dian極ji當dang作zuo其qi電dian位wei參can考kao點dian，即ji如ru果guo采cai用yong正zheng極ji性xing電dian源yuan進jin行xing供gong電dian
，那na麼me電dian源yuan的de負fu極ji則ze為wei電dian位wei參can考kao點dian。如ru果guo采cai用yong負fu電dian極ji電dian源yuan進jin行xing供gong電dian那na麼me電dian位wei的de參can考kao點dian則ze為wei正zheng極ji。如ru果guo是shi雙shuang極ji性xing電dian源yuan，那na麼me電dian位wei的de參can考kao點dian則ze為wei正zheng負fu極ji串chuan節jie點dian。為wei了le防fang止zhi電dian子zi電dian路lu產chan生sheng幹gan擾rao，通tong常chang將jiang電dian路lu中zhong的de接jie地di元yuan件jian與yu電dian源yuan的de地di位wei參can考kao點dian相xiang連lian。此ci外wai，為wei了le避bi免mian數shu字zi信xin號hao對dui模mo擬ni信xin號hao的de幹gan擾rao，數shu字zi信xin號hao地di與yu模mo擬ni信xin號hao地di應ying分fen別bie設she置zhi，再zai彙hui集ji於yu所suo選xuan擇ze的de一yi點dian。如ru果guo地di位wei參can考kao點dian接jie地di處chu理li不bu當dang或huo接jie地di的de電dian阻zu值zhi太tai大da，就jiu會hui產chan生sheng地di電dian位wei差cha噪zao聲sheng，影ying響xiang電dian路lu的de正zheng常chang工gong作zuo。

 

（2）直流電源濾波效果欠佳

 

電子器件工作所用的紋波電壓
，通常由50Hz的交流電經過濾波、整流
、wenyazhuanhuaerlai，ruguodianzidianlugongzuoguochengzhongwenbodianyaturanzengda，zehuigeidianludailaiganrao，zhezhongganraotongchangyouguilvkexun，yinci，weilebimianzhezhongganraodechansheng
，yingxuanzedizaosheng、低輸出阻抗的電源，也可以在電路和放大器中增設電源濾波電容。

 

 

幹擾源可以通過電感、分(fen)布(bu)電(dian)容(rong)等(deng)將(jiang)幹(gan)擾(rao)信(xin)號(hao)耦(ou)合(he)到(dao)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，使(shi)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)出(chu)現(xian)寄(ji)生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩(dang)。為(wei)了(le)避(bi)免(mian)這(zhe)種(zhong)幹(gan)擾(rao)現(xian)象(xiang)的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)，一(yi)方(fang)麵(mian)可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)屏(ping)蔽(bi)措(cuo)施(shi)，即(ji)將(jiang)屏(ping)蔽(bi)殼(ke)與(yu)大(da)地(di)連(lian)接(jie)

，抑(yi)製(zhi)電(dian)磁(ci)幹(gan)擾(rao)在(zai)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)傳(chuan)播(bo)，並(bing)切(qie)斷(duan)幹(gan)擾(rao)信(xin)號(hao)的(de)傳(chuan)導(dao)通(tong)路(lu)。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)麵(mian)，針(zhen)對(dui)寄(ji)生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩(dang)
，可(ke)在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)合(he)適(shi)位(wei)置(zhi)接(jie)入(ru)阻(zu)容(rong)網(wang)絡(luo)。

 

yaoxiangjishidipaichudianzidianludeguzhangbixujianlizaiduiguzhangdezhunquejiancehepanduandechulijichushang

，yincidianzidianluguzhangchulidezhongdiangongzuoyingshizhunquedingweiguzhangfashengdeweizhi，xiamianduiguzhangjiancefangfajinxingxiangxidetantao。

 

 

直接觀察法又稱觀察感知法或感官判斷法
，指不借助其他檢測設備，而是通過人的觸覺、嗅覺
、聽覺
、視shi覺jiao等deng多duo種zhong感gan官guan對dui電dian子zi電dian路lu出chu現xian的de故gu障zhang進jin行xing判pan斷duan分fen析xi
，進jin而er定ding位wei故gu障zhang發fa生sheng位wei置zhi
，然ran後hou采cai取qu相xiang應ying的de維wei修xiu措cuo施shi，使shi電dian子zi元yuan件jian恢hui複fu到dao正zheng常chang的de工gong作zuo狀zhuang態tai。

 

直接觀察法包括通電前與通電後觀察
，其中通電前主要觀察電子電路中使用的元件是否正確
，接線有無錯接、接反現象等。通電後觀察指觀察判斷元件有無出現燒焦異味、電路中有無冒煙現象、顏色有無變得焦黃或焦黑等。

 

zhijieguanchafacaozuofangbian，jiandanyixing，erqiepanduanbijiaozhunque
，keyijiangqizuoweichulifuzadianzidianluguzhangdejichuhuanjie
，yitigaopaichufuzaguzhangdegongzuoxiaolv。

 

 

在進行電子設備檢修時
，常常測量電路的電壓、電流等參數。

 

當(dang)電(dian)路(lu)電(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)太(tai)高(gao)時(shi)，比(bi)較(jiao)適(shi)合(he)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)子(zi)儀(yi)器(qi)設(she)備(bei)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)電(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)


，並(bing)和(he)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)比(bi)較(jiao)，判(pan)斷(duan)故(gu)障(zhang)情(qing)況(kuang)。當(dang)電(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作(zuo)呈(cheng)現(xian)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)狀(zhuang)態(tai)時(shi)，我(wo)們(men)可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)流(liu)測(ce)量(liang)法(fa)判(pan)斷(duan)電(dian)路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)部(bu)位(wei)。這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)比(bi)較(jiao)複(fu)雜(za)，需(xu)要(yao)我(wo)們(men)靈(ling)活(huo)運(yun)用(yong)相(xiang)關(guan)知(zhi)識(shi)判(pan)斷(duan)故(gu)障(zhang)情(qing)況(kuang)。也(ye)可(ke)電(dian)壓(ya)測(ce)量(liang)和(he)電(dian)流(liu)測(ce)量(liang)相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)判(pan)斷(duan)故(gu)障(zhang)部(bu)位(wei)。例(li)如(ru)

，電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)示(shi)數(shu)正(zheng)常(chang)表(biao)明(ming)主(zhu)電(dian)路(lu)為(wei)通(tong)路(lu)
，電(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)示(shi)數(shu)為(wei)零(ling)，則(ze)故(gu)障(zhang)原(yuan)因(yin)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)與(yu)電(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)並(bing)聯(lian)的(de)用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)短(duan)路(lu)。既(ji)無(wu)電(dian)壓(ya)也(ye)無(wu)電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)明(ming)無(wu)電(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)兩(liang)表(biao)

，故(gu)障(zhang)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)主(zhu)電(dian)路(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)。

 

參can數shu測ce試shi法fa需xu要yao借jie助zhu專zhuan門men的de檢jian測ce儀yi器qi，結jie合he較jiao強qiang的de理li論lun知zhi識shi判pan斷duan電dian子zi電dian路lu中zhong出chu現xian的de故gu障zhang。例li如ru利li用yong萬wan用yong表biao檢jian測ce某mou個ge線xian路lu的de電dian流liu或huo檢jian測ce某mou個ge元yuan件jian的de電dian阻zu值zhi等deng，當dang檢jian測ce數shu值zhi與yu設she計ji電dian流liu或huo元yuan件jian的de標biao準zhun參can數shu相xiang差cha較jiao大da時shi，則ze故gu障zhang可ke能neng出chu現xian在zai該gai位wei置zhi，然ran後hou采cai用yong更geng換huan線xian路lu或huo電dian子zi元yuan件jian的de方fang法fa將jiang故gu障zhang排pai除chu。另ling外wai，檢jian查zha電dian子zi電dian路lu靜jing態tai工gong作zuo點dian時shi，可ke以yi運yun用yong示shi波bo器qi進jin行xing測ce定ding，這zhe是shi因yin為wei示shi波bo器qi擁yong有you較jiao高gao的de輸shu入ru阻zu抗kang，檢jian測ce過guo程cheng中zhong給gei原yuan電dian路lu帶dai來lai的de影ying響xiang較jiao小xiao，而er且qie通tong過guo示shi波bo器qi還hai能neng觀guan察cha到dao被bei測ce位wei置zhi處chu的de幹gan擾rao電dian壓ya或huo信xin號hao
，能neng夠gou幫bang助zhu技ji術shu人ren員yuan迅xun速su找zhao出chu故gu障zhang發fa生sheng的de原yuan因yin。

 

 

genzongxinhaofajiushijiangheshipinlvdexinhaojierukenengchuxianguzhangdedianzidianluzhong，ranhoujiangshiboqijierudianluzhong

，jiancexinhaodebianhuaheliuxiang，binganzhaoxinhaozaidianludechuanbofangxiangzhuyijinxingjiance，dangjiancedaoxinhaobianhuabijiaodashi
，kechubupandingguzhangfashengdedazhiweizhi，ranhouzaijinxingzaixijiance。gaifangfapaichuguzhangdegongzuoxiaolvbijiaogao，yincishijiancedianzidianludechangyongfangfa
，youqizaidongtaitiaoshiguochengzhongyingyonggengweiguangfan。

 

 

對dui比bi法fa即ji比bi照zhao法fa。運yun用yong對dui比bi法fa的de前qian提ti是shi擁yong有you與yu故gu障zhang電dian路lu相xiang似si且qie正zheng常chang工gong作zuo的de電dian路lu

，通tong過guo檢jian測ce正zheng常chang電dian路lu的de性xing能neng參can數shu，與yu發fa生sheng故gu障zhang的de電dian路lu的de性xing能neng參can數shu進jin行xing對dui比bi、加以比照
，進而判斷故障發生的位置，分析故障發生的原因
，該種方法比較適合排除簡單的電子電路故障。

 

 

tihuanfaquanchengyuanjiantihuanfa。dianzidianluguzhangpaichufangfazhong，yuanjiantihuanfanenggouduiguzhangweizhijinxingzhunquededingwei，jiliyongzhengchangdeyuanjianzhuyitihuankenengfashengguzhangdedianziyuanjian，yuanjiangenghuanhouruguodianzidianluhuifudaozhengchangdegongzuozhuangtai
，zeshuomingzhengshibeitihuanyuanjianfashenglesunhuaibingdaozhileguzhangdefasheng。zhezhongfangfabijiaoshihezaiyichubupandingguzhangfashengfanweideqingkuangxiashiyong。ruguohaiweipandingguzhangdedazhifanwei
，namegenghuanyuanjiandegongzuoliangjiuhuibijiaoda
，yourumantiansawang，yousimantianzhaogua

，feishifeili，yincibuyicaiyonggaifangfa。

 

 

補(bu)償(chang)法(fa)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)較(jiao)為(wei)精(jing)密(mi)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)方(fang)法(fa)。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)寄(ji)生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩(dang)現(xian)象(xiang)，則(ze)可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)選(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)適(shi)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)定(ding)位(wei)振(zhen)蕩(dang)位(wei)置(zhi)，即(ji)在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)合(he)適(shi)位(wei)置(zhi)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)與(yu)地(di)進(jin)行(xing)短(duan)路(lu)，如(ru)果(guo)發(fa)現(xian)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)振(zhen)蕩(dang)現(xian)象(xiang)消(xiao)失(shi)，則(ze)說(shuo)明(ming)振(zhen)蕩(dang)就(jiu)發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)該(gai)段(duan)或(huo)上(shang)段(duan)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)。使(shi)用(yong)這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)關(guan)鍵(jian)在(zai)於(yu)選(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)適(shi)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)，即(ji)保(bao)證(zheng) 電容器能夠抵消幹擾信號。

 

 

caiyongduanlufanenggouyouxiaodijiancedianzidianluzhongduanluguzhang，jitongguoduanlubuduansuoxiaoguzhangfashengfanwei，zuizhongquedingguzhangsuozai。liru，ruguodianzidianluzhongyunyongwenyadianyuangongdian
，dangjiangmouyixianluyuqilianjieshidianludianliuturanzengda，zejierudedianluzhongcunzaiduanluguzhang

，cishiketongguoqieduanzhilufangfasuodingduanluweizhi，ruoqieduanmouzhiluxianlushidianliuhuifuzhengchang，zeshuominggaizhiluduanlu。

 

dianzidianluguzhangpandingdefangfahenduo
，youdeduishebeiyouyidingdeyaoqiu
，yingyongshihuishoudaoxianzhi
，youdesuiranduishebeiyaoqiujiaodi，dangongxiaoyexiangduijiaodi。shijiyingyongzhongwomenxuyaolinghuoyunyong、聯合運用各種方法判斷故障部位
，高效快捷地
、針對性地處理故障。

 

 

dianzidianluchuxianguzhangzaisuonanmian，bugeilixianxiangshiyoufasheng，guanjianshinenggoucaiquyouxiaodefangfajishidingweiguzhangfashengweizhi，jinerzhunquefenxiguzhangchanshengyuanyin，weixunsupaichuguzhangdiandingjichu。dianzidianluguzhangfashengshouzhuduoyinsuyingxiang，jishurenyuanyingcongneiyinhewaiyinliangfangmianzheshou，jinxingzonghefenxi，jianglilunyushijianxiangjiehe，zhunquepanduanguzhangleixing
，bingcaiyongyouzhenduixingdeguzhangchulifangfa，zheyangcainengzuodaojuzhongruoqing、事半功倍，大大提高工作效率，並將電子電路故障帶來的損失降到最低。